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COMMENT: I’ve been contemplating the problems of whether or not the affirmative protection of certified and different immunity defenses are or will not be out there to staff of states and cities if the criticism seeks solely equitable reduction and never cash damages, and whether or not such defendants can avail themselves of the immunity defenses if they’re sued of their official capacities and never their private capacities. The essential rule of most Circuits, together with the Fifth, is that in case you sue a public worker their official capability, and the criticism seeks solely equitable reduction and never financial damages, the general public worker defendant can not assert immunity defenses.
Petition for Writ of Certiorari: Baraka v. McGreevey_Writ Application_U.S. Sup. Ct.
I as soon as adopted the Third Circuit case of Bakara v. McGreevey 481 F.3d 187 (third Cir 2007) that concerned these points, and I obtained a replica of the Petition for Writ of Certiorari filed in SCOTUS. See hooked up. That petition talks in regards to the break up within the Circuits on the time and addresses mentioned points. I concluded that choices of the Second, Third, and Eleventh Circuits are very complicated on the mentioned points, and I used to be glad I used to be within the Fifth Circuit. The dialogue within the mentioned Petition for Writ of Certiorari in Bakara v. McGreevey should, after all, be delivered to date on the problems, however assuming there may be nonetheless a break up within the Circuits that would “open a door,” the next strikes made by the defendants in New York v. Trump, et al may shut down the Hochul, Engoron and James fiasco, particularly any proceedings to execute on the judgment primarily based on the decision:
FILE A COMPLAINT in opposition to Hochul, Engoron and James IN THEIR OFFICIAL CAPACITIES, NOT IN THEIR PERSONAL CAPACITIES. The criticism would allege that the eighth Modification was violated in New York v. Trump, et al. The criticism would search ONLY EQUITABLE RELIEF as follows:
(1) A declaratory judgment stating
(a) the definition of “restitution” and “damages” as set forth in New York Government Legislation § 63(12),(b) the formulation the courtroom used, or ought to use, to calculate the quantity of the decision/judgment, and(c) whether or not what is known as “damages and restitution” within the statute is known as a advantageous, penalty or some hybrid type of damages;
(2) potential injunctive reduction, i.e., a TRO [Temporary Restraining Order], a preliminary injunction, and a everlasting injunction in opposition to Hochul, Engoron, and James of their official capacities prohibiting them from taking any motion sooner or later to implement the judgment. In search of solely equitable reduction and never damages might imply that Hochul, Engoron and James can not plead the protection of certified and different immunities. Legal professionals at all times need to embrace a deep pocket defendant to get a cash judgment, in order that they shoot themselves within the foot by in search of private cash judgments in opposition to staff of a municipality or a state. There are a lot of circumstances on the sort of criticism, however I’m conversant in two the place the plaintiff’s legal professionals sought ONLY equitable reduction and never damages in opposition to public staff of their official capacities. See Gorby v. Davis and Heart for Organic Range v. Ken Sakazar
{Plaintiffs in Gorby v. Davis filed motion in opposition to Inside and FWS to put aside FWS’s discovering that the desert bald eagle doesn’t qualify as a definite inhabitants section (“DPS”) entitled to safety underneath the Endangered Species Act (“ESA”). Plaintiff’s motions for abstract judgment was granted. The Court docket discovered that FWS’ 12–month discovering was primarily based on the 2007 delisting rule, which didn’t comport with the discover, remark, and session necessities of the ESA. The Court docket put aside the 12–month discovering as an abuse of discretion.}
THE VENUE WOULD BE the U.S. District Court docket for the Northern District of New York situated within the James T. Foley U.S. Courthouse, Suite 509, 445 Broadway, Albany, NY 12207. Hochul is domiciled within the New York State Government Mansion, the official residence of the governor of New York. The Government Mansion is situated at 138 Eagle Avenue in Albany, New York, close to the state capital. The Government Mansion has housed governors and their households since 1875. This avoids submitting within the U.S. District Court docket for the Southern District of New York.
Finest regards.
EGM
REPLY: I feel your evaluation speaks to this very concern of the perversion of legislation. Provided that the eighth Modification prohibits merciless and weird punishment, I overlook how courts can create immunity to violate the Structure they swear to uphold. In that case, the Third Circuit’s choice prolonged legislative immunity far past the bounds of the Structure, successfully conferring absolute legislative immunity on any exercise by govt officers with even a slight connection to the legislative course of.
The Supreme Court docket simply heard an oral argument in SEC v Jaresy (22-859) on November twenty ninth, 2023, which may additionally affect the Trump Case. The Dodd-Frank Act handed within the aftermath of the 2007 Crash vested the SEC with the authority to sue “any individual” for violations of the securities acts, together with anti-fraud claims, in its personal inside administrative tribunals. That was, for my part, unconstitutional. This Act circumvented the Seventh Modification and the precise to a jury trial.
The Seventh Modification ensures the precise to trial by jury in “fits at frequent legislation,” encompassing authorized, versus equitable, claims for penalties. The Supreme Court docket had lengthy held that the touchstone for the applicability of Seventh Modification rights was the observe of the courts of England in 1791 when the Seventh Modification was ratified. Subsequently, that historical past establishes that eighteenth-century English courts afforded jury trial rights that included civil enforcement actions prosecuted by the Crown at any time when the precise of personal property was at stake, as in fits for penalties.
All of us might know that the Magna Carta established rights that had been compelled on King John (1166–1216) to signal on June 15, 1215, on the calls for of the elite barons. The explanation for that was fairly necessary – the frequent man was not taxed, solely the wealthy. A tax revolt over authorities abuse was on the core of this whole concern. The abuse was so profound that a part of the demand included the precise to trial by jury as a result of the King would advantageous you no matter he happy to actually increase cash.
On the time, it was mentioned that there was hardly an Englishman who had not been amerced at the very least yearly. An amercement is a monetary penalty in English legislation. It was an abuse the place the king made income from fines through the Center Ages. The noun “amercement” is derived from the verb “amerce,” which suggests the king amerces his topic, who offended some legislation that goes again to Anglo-Norman origin, actually which means “being on the mercy of” your sovereign.
Subsequently, in forming this nation, there was a contest between the Federalists of Hamilton, who needed immense energy for the federal government, and the Anti-Federalists. It could shock many, however Patrick Henry, who each faculty little one was taught in his memorable 1775 declaration, “Give me liberty or give me demise,” refused to signal the Structure as a result of there was no Invoice of Rights.
The king was circumventing your proper to a jury trial after the Magna Carta by charging you in vice-admiralty courts the place there was no proper to a jury. The draft structure’s omission of a standard legislation jury trial proper was the first objection that just about scuttled ratification. The Anti-Federalists carried the day in pushing by way of the Seventh Modification, largely to guarantee that the federal government couldn’t put residents to trial for penalties with out the intervention of a jury.
That’s exactly what NYC did to Trump, and so they did that to me as effectively. It’s a vile place the place no person of their proper thoughts ought to do enterprise. Will they must go after anybody with a mortgage and argue they overvalued their property even after repaying it to show this was not a political hit on solely Trump? Even the New York Occasions defined that this statute has by no means earlier than been utilized in a case that was not prison fraud.
Right here, we’ve a statute the place the penalty was within the decide’s fingers — there was no jury — and it gave him extensive discretion to do exactly what the Eighth Modification was to stop. That is meant to bankrupt Trump to intrude within the 2024 election. The final time states did this to ban a candidate from the poll was in 1860 and the ban in opposition to Abraham Lincoln. That led to civil warfare. Democrats in Washington are already saying if Trump is elected, they’ll REFUSE to adjust to any of his orders. That is the tip of the USA, and the Civil Unrest coming post-2024, as forecasted by our pc, is now changing into extra comprehensible.
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